![]() ![]() The dietary combination of SSM g/kg diet with its synthetic/commercial variant exhibited optimum performance at combination levels of 77.5 and 22.5 mg/kg, respectively, evidenced in terms of changes in steroid hormone profiles, gonadal maturation and vitellogenin gene expression in comparison to the control, which contained the dietary synthetic/commercial variant of astaxanthin alone. Further increase in SSM inclusion caused a downregulation in the expression of this gene in the T3 group. mRNA was significantly (p < 0.05) evident in T2, followed by T1, then in control. More spermatids were visible in testicular tubules in T2, followed by T3 and T1. Most of the oocytes of T2 and T3 groups were in the vitellogenic phase, i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary yolk stages. Cholesterol, FSH, LH, 11-KT, 17β- Estradiol, and 17α-20β DHP levels increased with an increasing proportion of natural astaxanthin and recorded the highest values in the treatment T2 with an overall significant linear and quadratic trend as compared to other treatments. The overall linear and quadratic trends of HSI differed significantly (p < 0.05) with the variability in proportions of natural and commercial astaxanthin combinations and were found highest in the T2 treatment group. Results revealed significant (p < 0.05) linear, quadratic, and overall trends, wherein GSI increased with an increase in the proportion of SSM in the diet, with higher GSI recorded in T2 and T3 treatment groups (testis and ovary, respectively), which were significantly (p < 0.05) different from other groups. control (commercial grade astaxanthin, without SSM), T1 (15% SSM + commercial astaxanthin), T2 (20% SSM + commercial astaxanthin), T3 (25% SSM + commercial astaxanthin) were prepared and fed to satiation level twice daily for the entire experimental period of 90 days. Four isonitrogenous (50% crude protein), isolipidic (9% ether extract), and isocaloric (400 kcal digestible energy/100 g) experimental diets viz.
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